21-Asslamau alaikum masu sauraro barkammu da warhaka barkammu da sake saduwa a cikin shirimmu na al-adu da ci gaban addinin musulunci a tarihi, wanda ni Tahir Amin nake kawo mako sau guda a ko wane mako. Da fatan masu sauraro zasu kasance tare da mu.
///…Madalla, masu sauraro idan kuna tare da mu a cikin shirimmu da ya gabata mun yi maganar wasu manya manyan malaman lissafi a zamanin ci gaban addinin musulunci. Mun ambaci Khoja Nasiruddeen Toosi, da Ali Ibn Sina da Abu arihan Biruni da kuma Giyathuddeen Jamshidi Kashani.
Da wannan kuma muna iya cewa, zuwa yanzu a cikin wannan shirin mun ambaci wasu daga cikin muhimman ilmin da aka bunkasasu a cikin al-ummar musulmi, suka yadu har ma aka tarjama wasu daga cikinsu zuwa wasu kasashen daban , wadanda musulunci baya iko a can. Sun kuma hada da ilmin taurari, Masana musulmi sun yi amfani da asasin ilmin da suka dauko daga girka, farisa da India suka bunkasa shi suka kuma samar da ci gaba mai yawa a cikinsa.
Daga cikin sun samar da kayakin aiki da suka hada da agogon rana, Astrolabes da nau’o’in na’urorin hange sararin samaniya da na gwajin lokaci da sauransu. Irin ci gaban da musulmi suka samu a lokacin ya kusan kaiwa da ci gaban da malaman taurari na wannan zamanin suka samu a wajen inganci da lissafi mai kyau.
Irin ci gaban da musulmi suka samu a zamanin turawan yamma basu sami ci gaba na a zo a gani sosai a wannan zamaninba. Musamman a bangaren lissafin lokaci.
Daya daga cikin al-amuran da masana musulmi suka yi kokarin fahintarsa a cikin ayyukansu na bincike sun hada da yanda halittar duniyarmu take. Bisa abinda ya iso hannummu na tarihi, Sarki ma’amoon daya daga cikin sarakunan Abbasiyawa ya bawa masana ilmin taurari su gwada masa ko su gano masa fadi da girman kwallon duniya.
Wadannan masana tare da nazarin malaman taurarin da suka gabata , musamman na kasar Girka, sun samar da wata sabuwar hanya ta lissafin fadi da girman duniya, wanda yake da jan hanhankali so sai. Sannan bayansu kadan Abu raihan biruni ya yi amfani da wata na’urar hangen sararin samaniya wato Astrolabes ya samar da abunda ake nema na fadi da girman duniyarmu a muke rayuwa a cikinta. A cikin ilmin da aka gada daga Abu raihan Biruni, akwai ilmin da aka fi saninsa da ‘tattakawa zagayen duniya’ wanda ya kirkiro kuma ya bayyana shi dalla dalla.
A bangaren ilmin taurare, masana musulmi sun fara ne tarjamar littafan
Ptolemy , sannan suka biyo da sharhin ra’ayoyinsa, sannan suka fara gano kurakuransa. Daga nan sufa fara gabatar da sabbin ra’ayi wadanda suka sabawa nasa. A halin yanzu a fagen ilmin taurari kokarin da msana musulmi suka yi wanda ya fi shahara da tunanin kafin na duniyoyi suna zagaya rana.
A halin yanzu muna da littafan Ptolemy guda 3 wadanda aka tarjama aka kuma yi masu sharhi daban daban. Don haka da wannan muna iya cewa masana taurari musulmi suna iya amfani da abinda suka sani daga littafan Ptolemy su sake auna taurari sannan su yi sabon rijistan abinda suka gano na jujjuyawar taurari a sararin samaniya.
A abinda suka gano, sun yi rijistar manjiloli na taurari har 200 da yan kai. A wannan aikin da suka yi sun yi kakarin sanin taurari daban daban da kuma abinda ya kebance ko wannensu da wani. Da haka kuma suka samu sabon fahinta dangane da taurari fiye da wanda ptolemy ya sani ko ya gano.
Daga cikin muhimman al-amura a cikin ilmin taurari kuma mai amfani ga mutane shi ne fito da cikekken fahintar tsawon kwanaki a shekara tare da amfani da zagayowar rana.
Aikin nazari kan taurari ya kawo ci gaba mai yawa a wajen tsara kalandar tsawon shekara a wajen musulmi.
Daga nan ne, a matsayin misalai aka samar da kalandar Jalali. Da kuma wannan tsarin ne aka samar da kalandar tsawon shekara na masana musulmi wanda masana kamar Battani, da kuma Khazini suka tafi a kai.
Aikin awon taurari sau da dama ya sa nau’in kalandar da musulmi suke da shi ya fi inganci akan na ko wani lokaci.
Wannan kuma ya tabbatar mana cewa fahintar malaman taurarin da suka gabata kafin musulunci yana dauke da kura kurai da dama. Daga ciki har da na Ptolemy.
Daga cikin malamai kumamasana musulmi da suka gabatar da mausaloli a fahintar Ptolemy shi ne Abu Ali Sina. Inda ya bayyana rashin amincewarsa da ra’yinsa na cewa duniyarce cibiyar duniyoyi.
Hakama Khoja nasiruddeen Toosy, wanda ya bayyana shakkunsa da fahintar Ptolemy kan cewa sauran duniyoyi suna zagaya duniyarmu. Wannan shakkun ya kai ga wasu masana ilmin taurari daga cikin musulmi a yammcin daular a lokacin wato Andulus.
Bayan wadannan wasu masan ilmin taurari wadanda suka hada da Abu Raihan Biruni, ibnu Haitham, da wasu da dama suna goyon bayan su, wajen sukan fahintar Ptolemy .
Malamai da dama sun bayyana cewa a lokacinda Kepler da Copernicus suke bayyana ra’ayinsu na ilmin taurari sun yi la’akari da fahintar masana musulmu kan wannan al-amuri musamman Khoja nasiruddin tusi.
Kepler and Copernicus dai a shekara ta 1543 suka bayyana ra’ayinsu na cewa rama ce tsakiyar taurari kuma duniyarmu tana zagaya rana a matsayin daya daga cikin taurari ko duniyoyin da suke zagayata.
Malamai da dama sun bayyana cewa a lokacinda Kepler da Copernicus suke bayyana ra’ayinsu na ilmin taurari sun yi la’akari da fahintar masana musulmu kan wannan al-amuri musamman Khoja nasiruddin tusi.
Kepler and Copernicus dai a shekara ta 1543 suka bayyana ra’ayinsu na cewa rama ce tsakiyar taurari kuma duniyarmu tana zagaya rana a matsayin daya daga cikin taurari ko duniyoyin da suke zagayata.
A tsakanin shekara ta 209 zuwa 220 wani babban masanin ilmin taurari mai suna Ahmad dan Abdullahi Maruzi ya gudanar da aikin bincike kan taurari.
Maruzi a cikin bincike da gwaje gwajensa ya gano wata fahinta ta yanda za’a auna lokaci, ya sanya wata ka’idojin yanda za’a yi lissafin falakai na taurari a sararin samaniya.
Wannan saboda haka ya samar da jadawaloli daban daban masu muhimmanci don yin hakan.
Sai kuma Abu adbullah Mohammad dan Jabir Battani masanin ilmin taurari, wanda aka haifi a kusa da garin Harran a shekara ta 244 K. Shi ma ya gabatar da ilmi mai yawa a fannin ilmin taurari masu amfani ga al-ummar musulmi da kuma duniya.
Saboda sabon fahintar da Battani ya gabatar yana da matsayi na musamman a cikin masana ilmin taurari. Saboda haka ne manya manyan masana ilmin Taurari kamar Abu Raihan Biruni sun yi wa ayyukan Battani sharhi da kuma karin bayani. Battani ya gabatar da sabuwar fahinta wajen kallon jaririyar wata.
Nicolaus Copernicus, a shekara ta (1543) M dangane da ra’ayinsa na tafiyar rana, a fili ya dauki ra’ayinsa ne daga abinda Battani yake kai shekaru kimani 9 da suka gabacve shi. Copernicus yana da matukar tasiri a bangaren ilmin taurari a kasashen turai, kuma ya tasirantu da ilmin da ya samu daga Battani.
Malami na gaba wanda ya kuma ya kasance babban malamin ilmin taurari a cikin musulmi shi ne, Buzajani, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 328 a garin Buzajan. Sunansa Abul wafa, Mohammad dan Yahya dan Islamil dan Abbas Buzajani.
Ya gudanar da binciken sa na ilmin taurari a birnin Bagadaza na kasar Iraki a lokacin, kuma yayi aiki tare da Abu Raihan Biruni a kan lokutan da ake samun kisfewar wata.
Biruni a garin Khawarizim da kuma Buzajani a bandaza sun fitar da lissafi na bambancin lokaci da kuma wuri, tsakanin biranin biyu a giografiyyan duniya. Wanda ya hada da tsakiyar rana a biranin Bagdaza da Khawarizm.
Daya daga cikin ayyukan Bizajani shi ne ya samarda wasu kayakin aiki ko kuma bayanai wadanda za’a gwada mizanin tsawon duddai ko duwatsu daga doron kasa da tsawon koguna da sauransu.
Yakan kafa wadan nan kayakin aiki a kan wuri wanda yake ba gangara ba, ba kuma hawa ba,wato a kwance. Sannan ya gudanar da gwaje gwaje gwajensa.
Masu sauraro a nan zamu dasa aya a cikin shirimmu na yau sai kuma wata fitowa idan All..ya kaimu. Wassalamu alaikum wa rahamatullahi wa barakatuhu.